Color-coded and sized loadable polymeric particles for therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications and methods of preparing and using the same

ABSTRACT

Polymeric particles are provided for use in therapeutic and/or diagnostic procedures. The particles include poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene and/or a derivative thereof which may be present throughout the particles or within an outer coating of the particles. The particles may also include a core having a hydrogel formed from an acrylic-based polymer. Such particles may be provided to a user in specific selected sizes to allow for selective embolization of certain sized blood vessels or localized treatment with an active component agent in specific clinical uses. Particles of the present invention may further be provided as color-coded microspheres or nanospheres to allow ready identification of the sized particles in use. Such color-coded microspheres or nanospheres may further be provided in like color-coded delivery or containment devices to enhance user identification and provide visual confirmation of the use of a specifically desired size of microspheres or nanospheres.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/257,535, filed Oct. 25, 2005, which claims the benefit ofpriority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationsNos. 60/684,307, filed May 24, 2005 and 60/621,729, filed Oct. 25, 2004,and the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference. This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 60/962,015,filed Jul. 25, 2007, the entire disclosure of which are incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Small particles, including microspheres and nanospheres, have manymedical uses in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In selectedclinical applications, it may be advantageous to provide specific sizesof such microspheres and nanospheres to a user. Such sizing ofmicrospheres and nanospheres may allow for selective embolization ofcertain sized blood vessels in specific clinical uses. It may further beadvantageous to provide a user with color-coded microspheres ornanospheres to allow ready identification of the sized particles in use.Such color-coded microspheres or nanospheres may further be provided inlike color-coded delivery or containment devices to enhance useridentification and provide visual confirmation of the use of aspecifically desired size of microspheres or nanospheres.

Most prior art particles used in medical applications are characterizedby numerous disadvantages including irritation of the tissues with whichthey come in contact and initiation of adverse immune reactions.Additionally, many of the materials used to prepare the prior artparticles may degrade relatively rapidly within the mammalian body,thereby detracting from their utility in certain procedures where longterm presence of intact particles may be necessary. Moreover, thedegradation of the prior art materials may release toxic or irritatingcompounds causing adverse reactions in the patients.

It is also a problem in the art for certain types of prior art particlesthat it is difficult to achieve desirable suspension properties when theparticles are incorporated into a delivery suspension for injection intoa site in the body to be treated. Many times, the particles settle outor tend to “float” in the solution such that they are not uniformlysuspended for even delivery. Furthermore, particles may tend toaggregate within the delivery solution and/or adhere to some part of thedelivery device, making it necessary to compensate for theseadhesive/attractive forces.

In order to achieve a stable dispersion, it is known to add suitabledispersing agents that may include surfactants directed at breaking downattractive particle interaction. Depending on the nature of the particleinteraction, the following materials may be used: cationic, anionic ornonionic surfactants such as Tween™ 20, Tween™ 40, Tween™ 80,polyethylene glycols, sodium dodecyl sulfate, various naturallyoccurring proteins such as serum albumin, or any other macromolecularsurfactants in the delivery formulation. Furthermore thickening agentscan be used help prevent particles from settling by sedimentation and toincrease solution viscosity, for example, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidones, sugars or dextrins. Density additives may also be used toachieve buoyancy.

It can also be difficult to visualize microparticles in solution todetermine their degree of suspension when using clear, transparentpolymeric acrylate hydrogel beads in aqueous suspension. Attempts to usethe inert precipitate, barium sulfate, in particle form is known as anadditive for bone cement, for silicones for rendering items visibleduring X-ray examination and for providing radiopacity to polymericacrylate particles. See Jayakrishnan et al., Bull. Mat. Sci., Vol. 12,No. 1, pp. 17-25 (1989). The barium sulfate also is known for improvingfluidization, and is often used as an inorganic filler to impartanti-stick behavior to moist, aggregated particles. Other prior artattempts to increase visualization of microparticles include use ofgold, for example, Embosphere Gold™ provides a magenta color to acrylatemicroparticles using small amounts of gold.

In certain medical applications, it may further be of value to providemicroparticles such as microspheres in one or more sizes. Furthermore,it may also be of value to a user to provide each of such sizes ofmicrospheres incorporated with color-coded associated dyes to indicatethe microsphere size to the user. In yet other applications of use, itmay further be of value to provide sized and color-coded microspheres toa user in similarly color-coded syringes or other containers fortransport and delivery to further aid a user in identifying the size ofmicrospheres being used.

There thus exists in the art a need for small particles that can beformed to have a preferential generally spherical configuration forcertain applications such as various therapeutic and diagnosticprocedures which are not degraded by the natural systems of themammalian system, are biocompatible, are easy to visualize in suspensionwhile in use and/or demonstrate acceptable physical and suspensionproperties.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention includes a particle for use in a therapeutic and/ordiagnostic procedure. The particle comprisespoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof.

The present invention further includes particles comprisingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene and/or a derivative thereofprovided as microspheres provided in one or more specified sizes.

The present invention further includes particles comprisingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene and/or a derivative thereofprovided as sized microspheres and further comprising a color-coded dyeincorporated into or attached to the exterior of the microspheres tovisually aid a user in identifying the size of microspheres in use.

Microspheres of the present invention may further be provided as sizedmicrospheres further comprising a color-coded dye incorporated into orattached to the exterior of the microspheres and contained or deliveredin a similarly color-coded syringe or other transport or deliverycontainer to further visually aid a user in providing a visualconfirmation of the specific size of microspheres in use.

Also included is a method of minimizing blood flow to a tissue in amammal comprising occluding at least a portion of a blood vessel of themammal with at least one particle, wherein the particle comprises apoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof.

Further described herein is a method of delivering an active agent to alocalized area within a body of a mammal comprising contacting thelocalized area with at least one of a particle comprisingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof and anactive agent, such that an effective amount of the active agent isexposed to the localized area.

Also within the invention is a sustained release formulation of anactive agent for oral administration, the formulation comprising apolymer capsule and an active agent, wherein the polymeric capsulecomprises poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivativethereof.

The invention further includes a method of tracing the passage of aparticle through a blood vessel in a mammal, the method comprisinginjecting into the bloodstream of a mammal at least one tracer particle,the tracer particle comprising poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]and/or a derivative thereof and a contrast agent, and imaging the routeof the particle.

Additionally, a method of enhanced ultrasound imaging is describedherein. The method comprises administering to an ultrasound subject atleast one hollow microcapsule comprisingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof to anarea of the ultrasound subject, and imaging the area of the subjectusing ultrasound.

The invention also includes a method of delivering an active agent to alocalized area within the body of a mammal comprising contacting thelocalized area with at least one of a particle comprisingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof and anactive agent, such that an effective amount of the active agent isexposed to the localized area, wherein the particle comprises an agentto increase density.

Further, a method for minimizing agglomeration of particles formed fromacrylic-based polymers is described in which the method comprisesproviding barium sulfate to the core and/or surface of the particles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description ofthe invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction withthe appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention,there are shown in the drawings embodiments that are presentlypreferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is notlimited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a general cryoextractionscheme used to prepare particles according to one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 2 shows the manual dripping technique by which the polymer solutionwas supplied to liquid nitrogen in preparation of the microspheres ofExample 1, herein;

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show unloaded polyphosphazene particles(microspheres) as prepared by one embodiment of the cryoextractionmethod as described herein. FIG. 3A shows a 4× optical microscope viewand FIG. 3B shows a 100× scanning electron microscope view;

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show particles (microsphere) formed according to oneembodiment of the invention loaded with bovine insulin (20% (wt/wt)) at100× magnification SEM;

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show the surface morphology of unloadedpolyphosphazene microspheres. FIG. 5A is an image obtained using anatomic force microscope and FIG. 5B is a scanning electron micrographshowing the surface of an unloaded polyphosphazene microsphere at 5000×magnification;

FIGS. 6 and 7 show a cryoextraction setup for use in an embodiment ofthe invention wherein FIG. 6 is a cryoextraction vessel and FIG. 7 is asyringe pump;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an apparatus for use inmicrocatheter testing of microparticles in Example 14 herein;

FIGS. 9A and 9B show an SEM at 1.0K× magnification of the surface of theSample C microparticles just after the hydration/dehydration cycle andat a 50.00K× magnification of the film thickness of microparticlesformed in accordance with Sample C of Example 12 used in the evaluationof Example 14, respectively;

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D are SEMs of microparticles made inaccordance with Sample C of Example 12 used in the evaluation of Example14 after passing through a catheter showing surface features (FIGS. 10A,10B and 10C) at 1.0K× magnification and at 5.0K× magnification (FIG.10D); and

FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C and 11D are SEMs of microparticles formed inaccordance with Sample C of Example 12 after thermal stress testing inExample 14. FIG. 11A is a 5.0× magnification of a minor amount ofdelamination in the strong white contrast portion. FIG. 11B is a 200×magnification of the microparticles of FIG. 11A. FIGS. 11C and 11D are,respectively, 200× and 1.0K× (magnified SEMs of other Sample Cmicroparticles showing only minor defects.

FIG. 12A shows representative different sized and color-codedmicrospheres A, B, and C of the present invention.

FIG. 12B shows a cross-sectional drawing of a conceptual blood vesselwith arrows indicating the direction of blood flow, wherein the bloodvessel tapers from a larger proximal diameter to a smaller distaldiameter, and wherein different sized and color-coded microspheres ofthe present invention have been sequentially injected in order ofascending size to occlude the vessel.

FIG. 12C shows a syringe containing microspheres of the presentinvention wherein the microspheres are sized and color-coded to indicatetheir size, and wherein the syringe is further similarly-color coded tofacilitate user identification and verification of the sizedmicrospheres in use.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are particles that may be manufactured usingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or derivatives thereof, aswell as methods of preparing such particles. Additionally, describedherein are therapeutic and/or diagnostic methods and procedures whichuse the particles as described herein, including methods of embolizationusing the particles, methods of delivery of an active agent using theparticle (either orally or locally), methods of tracing or visualizingblood or other biological fluids through the body using the particles,and methods of enhanced ultrasound (sonography) using the particles.

Also included are sustained release drug delivery formulations for oraladministration including the particles for localized delivery of anactive agent to the gastrointestinal system and/or systemic delivery ofan active agent as well as a sustained release drug delivery formulationthat can be injected subcutaneously or intravenously for localizeddelivery of an active agent.

All of the methods, compositions and formulations of the inventionutilize at least one particle as described herein. “Particle” and“particles” as used herein mean a substantially spherical or ellipsoidarticle(s), hollow or solid, that may have any diameter suitable for usein the specific methods and applications described below, including amicrosphere(s) and a nanosphere(s), beads and other bodies of a similarnature known in the art.

The preferred particles of the invention according to one embodimentdescribed herein are composed, in whole or in part, the specificpolyphosphazene polymer known as poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]or a derivative of poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]. Use of thisspecific polymer provides particles that are at least in part inorganicin that they include an inorganic polymer backbone and which are alsobiocompatible in that when introduced into a mammal (including humansand animals), they do not significantly induce a response of thespecific or non-specific immune systems. The scope of the invention alsoincludes the use(s) of such particles as controlled drug deliveryvehicles or tracer particles for the visualization of blood vessels andother organs.

The particles are useful in a variety of therapeutic and/or diagnosticprocedures in part because they can be prepared in sizes large enough toocclude a blood vessel as well as small enough to easily pass throughthe smaller vessels, e.g., visualization or drug delivery purposes.Additionally, owing to the biocompatible nature of the polymer, theparticles facilitate avoidance or elimination of immunogenic reactionsgenerally encountered when foreign bodies are introduced into amammalian body, such as “implant rejection” or “allergic shock,” andother adverse reactions of the immune system. Moreover, it has beenfound that the particles of the invention exhibit reduced biodegradationin vivo, thereby increasing the long-term stability of the particle inthe biological environment. Moreover, in those situations where somedegradation is undergone by the polymer in the particle, the productsreleased from the degradation include only non-toxic concentrations ofphosphorous, ammonia, and trifluoroethanol, which, advantageously, isknown to promote anti-inflammatory responses when in contact withmammalian tissue.

Each of the particles in the invention is formed at least in part of thepolymer, poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] or a derivativethereof (referred to further herein as“poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]”. As described herein, thepolymer poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] or derivativesthereof have chemical and biological qualities that distinguish thispolymer from other know polymers in general, and from other knowpolyphosphazenes in particular. In one aspect of this invention, thepolyphosphazene is poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] orderivatives thereof, such as other alkoxide, halogenated alkoxide, orfluorinated alkoxide substituted analogs thereof. The preferredpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]polymer is made up of repeatingmonomers represented by the formula (I) shown below:

wherein R¹ to R⁶ are all trifluoroethoxy (OCH₂CF₃) groups, and wherein nmay vary from at least about 40 to about 100,000, as disclosed herein.Alternatively, one may use derivatives of this polymer in the presentinvention. The term “derivative” or “derivatives” is meant to refer topolymers made up of monomers having the structure of formula I but whereone or more of the R¹ to R⁶ functional group(s) is replaced by adifferent functional group(s), such as an unsubstituted alkoxide, ahalogenated alkoxide, a fluorinated alkoxide, or any combinationthereof, or where one or more of the R¹ to R⁶ is replaced by any of theother functional group(s) disclosed herein, but where the biologicalinertness of the polymer is not substantially altered.

In one aspect of the polyphosphazene of formula (I) illustrated above,for example, at least one of the substituents R¹ to R⁶ can be anunsubstituted alkoxy substituent, such as methoxy (OCH₃), ethoxy(OCH₂CH₃) or n-propoxy (OCH₂CH₂CH₃). In another aspect, for example, atleast one of the substituents R¹ to R⁶ is an alkoxy group substitutedwith at least one fluorine atom. Examples of useful fluorine-substitutedalkoxy groups R¹ to R⁶ include, but are not limited to OCF₃, OCH₂CF₃,OCH₂CH₂CF₃, OCH₂CF₂CF₃, OCH(CF₃)₂, OCCH₃(CF₃)₂, OCH₂CF₂CF₂CF₃,OCH₂(CF₂)₃CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₄CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₅CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₆CF₃,OCH₂(CF₂)₇CF₃, OCH₂CF₂CHF₂, OCH₂CF₂CF₂CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₃CHF₂,OCH₂(CF₂)₄CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₅CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₆CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₇CHF₂, and thelike. Thus, while trifluoroethoxy (OCH₂CF₃) groups are preferred, thesefurther exemplary functional groups also may be used alone, incombination with trifluoroethoxy, or in combination with each other. Inone aspect, examples of especially useful fluorinated alkoxidefunctional groups that may be used include, but are not limited to,2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyloxy (OCH₂CF₂CF₃),2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyloxy (OCH(CF₃)₂),2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyloxy (OCH₂CF₂CF₂CF₃),3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyloxy (OCH₂(CF₂)₇CF₃),2,2,3,3,-tetrafluoropropyloxy (OCH₂CF₂CHF₂),2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorobutyloxy (OCH₂CF₂CF₂CHF₂),3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-dodecafluorooctyloxy (OCH₂(CF₂)₇CHF₂), and thelike, including combinations thereof.

Further, in some embodiments, 1% or less of the R¹ to R⁶ groups may bealkenoxy groups, a feature that may assist in crosslinking to provide amore elastomeric phosphazene polymer. In this aspect, alkenoxy groupsinclude, but are not limited to, OCH₂CH═CH₂, OCH₂CH₂CH═CH₂, allylphenoxygroups, and the like, including combinations thereof. Also in formula(I) illustrated herein, the residues R¹ to R⁶ are each independentlyvariable and therefore can be the same or different.

By indicating that n can be as large as ∞ in formula I, it is intendedto specify values of n that encompass polyphosphazene polymers that canhave an average molecular weight of up to about 75 million Daltons. Forexample, in one aspect, n can vary from at least about 40 to about100,000. In another aspect, by indicating that n can be as large as coin formula I, it is intended to specify values of n from about 4,000 toabout 50,000, more preferably, n is about 7,000 to about 40,000 and mostpreferably n is about 13,000 to about 30,000.

In another aspect of this invention, the polymer used to prepare thepolymers disclosed herein has a molecular weight based on the aboveformula, which can be a molecular weight of at least about 70,000 g/mol,more preferably at least about 1,000,000 g/mol, and still morepreferably a molecular weight of at least about 3×10⁶ g/mol to about20×10⁶ g/mol. Most preferred are polymers having molecular weights of atleast about 10,000,000 g/mol.

In a further aspect of the polyphosphazene formula (I) illustratedherein, n is 2 to ∞, and R¹ to R⁶ are groups which are each selectedindependently from alkyl, aminoalkyl, haloalkyl, thioalkyl, thioaryl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, haloaryloxy, alkylthiolate, arylthiolate,alkylsulphonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocycloalkyl comprisingone or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur,phosphorus, or a combination thereof, or heteroaryl comprising one ormore heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, ora combination thereof. In this aspect of formula (I), the pendant sidegroups or moieties (also termed “residues”) R¹ to R⁶ are eachindependently variable and therefore can be the same or different.Further, R¹ to R⁶ can be substituted or unsubstituted. The alkyl groupsor moieties within the alkoxy, alkylsulphonyl, dialkylamino, and otheralkyl-containing groups can be, for example, straight or branched chainalkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, typically from 1 to 12carbon atoms, it being possible for the alkyl groups to be furthersubstituted, for example, by at least one halogen atom, such as afluorine atom or other functional group such as those noted for the R¹to R⁶ groups above. By specifying alkyl groups such as propyl or butyl,it is intended to encompass any isomer of the particular alkyl group.

In one aspect, examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limitedto, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy groups, and the like, which canalso be further substituted. For example the alkoxy group can besubstituted by at least one fluorine atom, with 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxyconstituting a useful alkoxy group. In another aspect, one or more ofthe alkoxy groups contains at least one fluorine atom. Further, thealkoxy group can contain at least two fluorine atoms or the alkoxy groupcan contain three fluorine atoms. For example, the polyphosphazene thatis combined with the silicone can bepoly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]. Alkoxy groups of thepolymer can also be combinations of the aforementioned embodimentswherein one or more fluorine atoms are present on the polyphosphazene incombination with other groups or atoms.

Examples of alkylsulphonyl substituents include, but are not limited to,methylsulphonyl, ethylsulphonyl, propylsulphonyl, and butylsulphonylgroups. Examples of dialkylamino substituents include, but are notlimited to, dimethyl-, diethyl-, dipropyl-, and dibutylamino groups.Again, by specifying alkyl groups such as propyl or butyl, it isintended to encompass any isomer of the particular alkyl group.

Exemplary aryloxy groups include, for example, compounds having one ormore aromatic ring systems having at least one oxygen atom,non-oxygenated atom, and/or rings having alkoxy substituents, it beingpossible for the aryl group to be substituted for example by at leastone alkyl or alkoxy substituent defined above. Examples of aryloxygroups include, but are not limited to, phenoxy and naphthoxy groups,and derivatives thereof including, for example, substituted phenoxy andnaphthoxy groups.

The heterocycloalkyl group can be, for example, a ring system whichcontains from 3 to 10 atoms, at least one ring atom being a nitrogen,oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, or any combination of these heteroatoms. Thehetereocycloalkyl group can be substituted, for example, by at least onealkyl or alkoxy substituent as defined above. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl groups, and substitutedanalogs thereof.

The heteroaryl group can be, for example, a compound having one or morearomatic ring systems, at least one ring atom being a nitrogen, anoxygen, a sulfur, a phosphorus, or any combination of these heteroatoms.The heteroaryl group can be substituted for example by at least onealkyl or alkoxy substituent defined above. Examples of heteroaryl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, imidazolyl, thiophene, furane,oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, pyridinolyl, isoquinolinyl, andquinolinyl groups, and derivatives thereof, such as substituted groups.

The diameter of a particle formed according to the invention will varydepending on the end application in which the particle is to be used.The diameter of such particles is preferably about 1 to about 5,000 μm,with a diameter of about 1 to about 1,000 μm being most preferred. Otherpreferred sizes include diameters of about 200 to about 500 μm, about 1to about 200 μm and greater than about 500 μm. In methods using theparticle where more than one particle is preferred it is not necessarythat all particles are of the same diameter or shape. In one aspect, thepolymeric particles are substantially uniform in size, meaning that sizeof the particles can be determined by the process by which they areprepared and isolated, and they are characterized by a narrow sizedistribution. By substantially uniform in size, it is generally intendedto reflect that the particle size according to the design specificationmay vary less than or equal to about ±5%, less than or equal to about±10%, less than or equal to about ±15%, less than or equal to about±20%, less than or equal to about ±25%, less than or equal to about±30%, or less than or equal to about ±35% from the design specification.In one aspect, for example, size distributions of the particlesdisclosed herein may become more narrow as the design specification ofthe particle to be fabricated becomes larger. For example, particlesbetween about 700 μm and about 1000 μm may vary less than or equal toonly about ±3-5% from the design specification, whereas particlesbetween about 40 μm and about 100 μm may vary less than or equal toabout ±20-25% from the design specification.

The particles may also include other compounds which function toenhance, alter or otherwise modify the behavior of the polymer orparticle either during its preparation or in its therapeutic and/ordiagnostic use. For example, active agents such as peptides, proteins,hormones, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids,vitamins, steroids and organic or inorganic drugs may be incorporatedinto the particle. Excipients such as dextran, other sugars,polyethylene glycol, glucose, and various salts, including, for example,chitosan glutamate, may be included in the particle.

Additionally, if desired, polymers other than thepoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or its derivative may beincluded with in the particle. Examples of polymers may includepoly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(caprolactone),polycarbonates, polyamides, polyanhydrides, polyamino acids,polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polycyanoacrylates, and polyurethanes.Other polymers include polyacrylates, ethylene-vinyl acetateco-polymers, acyl substituted cellulose acetates and derivativesthereof, degradable or non-degradable polyurethanes, polystyrenes,polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl imidazole),chlorosulphonated polyolefins, and polyethylene oxide. Examples ofpolyacrylates include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid, butylacrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate,acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, TMPTA (trimethylolpropanetriacrylate), and the like. One may incorporate the selected compoundsby any means known in the art, including diffusing, inserting orentrapping the additional compounds in the matrix of an already formedparticle or by adding the additional compound to a polymer melt or to apolymer solvent in the preparation of the particle such as describedherein.

The loaded or unloaded particle may be coated with an additional polymerlayer or layers, including polymers such as those mentioned hereinabove.Further, PTFEP or its derivatives may be used to form such a coating ona particle formed of other suitable polymers or copolymers known or tobe developed in the art that are used to form particles as describedherein. Preferably, when coating a particle such as a microparticle,PTFEP is applied as a coating on a microparticle(s) formed of anacrylic-based polymer as set forth in further detail below.

Coatings are beneficial, for example, if the particle(s) are to be usedin a sustained release, orally administered, drug delivery formulation(enteric coating) or if the particles are to be loaded with apotentially toxic contrast agent (non-biodegradable coating).

The microspheres may be prepared by any means known in the art that issuitable for the preparation of particles containingpoly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]. In a procedure according to anembodiment herein a “polymer solution” is prepared by mixing one or morepolymer solvent(s) and the PTFEP and/or a derivative thereof until thepolymer is dissolved.

Suitable solvents for use in the preparation of the polymer solutioninclude any in which the polymer PTFEP and/or its derivatives aresoluble. Exemplary solvents include, without limitation, ethyl-,propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, octylacetate, acetone, methylethylketone,methylpropylketone, methylisobutylketone, tetrahydrofurane,cyclohexanone, dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl ether,hexafluorobenzene or combinations thereof.

The polymer solution contains the PTFEP and/or its derivative polymer ina concentration of about 1% by weight of polymer to 20% by weight ofpolymer, preferably about 5% to 10% by weight of polymer. Otherpolymers, as discussed above, may be present in the solution, or may beadded to the vessel in the form of a second solution powder or otherform, if one wishes to include such polymers in the final particle.

In carrying out the process, the polymer solution is next dispensed,preferably in the form of drops or an aerosol, into a vessel containinga non-solvent. By “non-solvent” it is meant any organic or inorganicsolvents that do not substantially dissolve the PTFEP polymer and whichhave a melting point that is lower relative to the melting point of thesolvent in which the polymer is dissolved (“polymer solvent”), so thatthe non-solvent thaws before the solvent thaws in the course of theincubation step. Preferably, this difference between the melting pointof the non-solvent and the polymer solvent is about 10° C., morepreferably about 15° C., and most preferably, greater than about 20° C.Under certain conditions it has been found that the structural integrityof the resultant particle may be enhanced if the difference of themelting points of the polymer solvent and of the non-solvent is greaterthan 15° C. However, it is sufficient that the non-solvent point ismerely slightly lower than that of the polymer solvent.

The non-solvent/polymer solvent combination is incubated forapproximately 1 to 5 days or until the polymer solvent has beencompletely removed from the particles. While not wishing to be bound bytheory, it is hypothesized that during the incubation, the non-solventfunctions to extract the polymer solvent from the microscopic polymersolution droplets from the particles such that the polymer is at leastgelled. As the incubation period passes, the droplets will shrink andthe solvent becomes further extracted, leading to a hardened outerpolymeric shell containing a gelled polymer core, and finally, aftercompletion of the incubation, a complete removal of the residualsolvent. To ensure that the polymeric droplets retain a substantiallyspherical shape during the incubation period, they are maintained in afrozen or substantially gelled state during most if not all of theincubation period. Therefore, the non-solvent temperature may stay belowthe melting point of the solvent during the cryoextraction process.

As shown in FIG. 1, at the vessel labeled (a), polymer solution dropletsare shown being dispensed either with a syringe or other device at acontrolled rate onto a top layer of liquid nitrogen. The nitrogen layeris situated over a bottom layer consisting of the selected non-solvent,which will eventually serve to extract the solvent from the frozenpolymer solution droplets. The non-solvent layer has been previouslyfrozen with liquid nitrogen prior to the dispensing of the polymersolution. The vessel labeled (b) shows the onset of the dewing of thefrozen nonsolvent, into which the frozen polymeric droplets will sink.The vessel labeled (c) shows the cryoextraction procedure afterapproximately three days of incubation wherein the polymer solutiondroplets, incubated within the non-solvent, have been depleted of asubstantial amount of solvent. The result is a gelled, polymericparticle in the form of a bead having a hardened outer shell. As can beseen by the representation, the non-solvent height within the vessel isslightly reduced due to some evaporation of the non-solvent. The size ofthe beads will shrink quite substantially during this process dependingon the initial concentration of the polymer in the polymer solution.

In one embodiment of a method of preparing a PTFEP-containingparticle(s) according to the invention, such particles can be formedusing any way known or to be developed in the art. Two exemplarypreferred methods of accomplishing this include wherein (i) thenon-solvent residing in the vessel in the method embodiment describedabove is cooled to close to its freezing point or to its freezing pointprior to the addition of the polymer solution such that the polymerdroplets freeze upon contact with the pre-cooled non-solvent; or (ii)the polymer droplets are frozen by contacting them with a liquefied gassuch as nitrogen, which is placed over a bed of pre-frozen non-solvent(see, FIG. 2). In method (ii), after the nitrogen evaporates, thenon-solvent slowly thaws and the microspheres in their frozen state willsink into the liquid, cold non-solvent where the extraction process(removal of the polymer solvent) will be carried out.

By modifying this general process, one may prepare particles that arehollow or substantially hollow or porous. For example, if the removal ofthe solvent from the bead is carried out quickly, e.g., by applying avacuum during the final stage of incubation, porous beads will result.

The particles of the invention can be prepared in any size desired,“Microspheres” may be obtained by nebulizing the polymer solution into apolymer aerosol using either pneumatic or ultrasonic nozzles, such as,for example a Sonotek 8700-60 ms or a Lechler US50 ultrasonic nozzle,each available from Sono[.tek] Corporation, Milton, N.Y., U.S.A. andLechler GmbH, Metzingen, Germany. Larger particles may be obtained bydispensing the droplets into the non-solvent solution using a syringe orother drop-forming device. Moreover, as will be known to a person ofskill in the art, the size of the particle may also be altered ormodified by an increase or decrease of the initial concentration of thepolymer in the polymer solution, as a higher concentration will lead toan increased sphere diameter.

In an alternative embodiment of the particles described herein, theparticles can include a standard and/or a preferred core based on anacrylic polymer or copolymer with a shell of PTFEP. Such particles canprovide a preferred spherical shape and improved specific gravity foruse in a suspension of contrast media for embolization. The acrylicpolymer based polymers with PTFEP shell described herein provide asubstantially spherical shape, mechanical flexibility andcompressibility, improved specific gravity properties. The core polymersmay be formed using any acceptable technique known in the art, such asthat described in B. Thanoo et al., “Preparation of Hydrogel Beads fromCrosslinked Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Microspheres by AlkalineHydrolysis,” J. Appl. P. Sci., Vol. 38, 1153-1161 (1990), incorporatedherein by reference with respect thereto. Such acrylic-based polymersare preferably formed by polymerizing unhydrolyzed precursors,including, without limitation, methyl acrylate (MA), methyl methacrylate(MMA), ethylmethaerylate (EMA), hexamethyl (HMMA) or hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), and derivatives, variants or copolymers of suchacrylic acid derivatives. Most preferred is MMA. The polymer should bepresent in the core in a hydrated or partially hydrated (hydrogel) form.Such polymers are preferably cross-linked in order to provide suitablehydrogel properties and structure, such as enhancednon-biodegradability, and to help retain the mechanical stability of thepolymer structure by resisting dissolution by water.

Preferably, the core prepolymers are formed by dispersion polymerizationthat may be of the suspension or emulsion polymerization type. Emulsionpolymerization results in substantially spherical particles of about 10nm to about 10 microns. Suspension polymerization results in similarparticles but of larger sizes of about 50 to about 1200 microns.

Suspension polymerization may be initiated with a thermal initiator,which may be solubilized in the aqueous or, more preferably, monomerphase. Suitable initiators for use in the monomer phase compositioninclude benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide or other similarperoxide-based initiators known or to be developed in the art, with themost preferred initiator being lauroyl peroxide. The initiator ispreferably present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 5 percent byweight based on the weight of the monomer, more preferably about 0.3 toabout 1 percent by weight based on the weight of the monomer. As notedabove, a cross-linking co-monomer is preferred for use in forming thehydrated polymer. Suitable cross-linking co-monomers for use with theacrylic-based principle monomer(s) used in preparing a polymerizedparticle core, include various glycol-based materials such as ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA)or most preferably, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGMDA). A chaintransfer agent may also be provided if desired. Any suitable MApolymerization chain transfer agent may be used. In the preferredembodiment herein, dodecylmercaptane may be used as a chain transferagent in amounts acceptable for the particular polymerization reaction.

The aqueous phase composition preferably includes asurfactant/dispersant as well as a complexing agent, and an optionalbuffer is necessary. Surfactants/dispersants should be compatible withthe monomers used herein, including Cyanamer® 370M, polyacrylic acid andpartially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol surfactants such as 4/88, 26/88,40/88. A dispersant should be present in an amount of about 0.1 to about5 percent by weight based on the amount of water in the dispersion, morepreferably about 0.2 to about 1 percent by weight based on the amount ofwater in the dispersion. An optional buffer solution may be used ifneeded to maintain adequate pH. A preferred buffer solution includessodium phosphates (Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄). A suitable complexing agent isethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), which may be added to theaqueous phase in a concentration of from about 10 to about 40 ppm EDTA,and more preferably about 20 to about 30 ppm. It is preferred that inthe aqueous phase composition, the monomer to water ratio is about 1:4to about 1:6.

The polymerization should take place at about ambient conditions,preferably from about 60° C. to about 80° C. with a time to gelation ofabout one to two hours. Stirring at rates of 100 to 500 rpm is preferredfor particle formation, with lower rates applying to larger sizedparticles and higher rates applying to smaller sized particles.

Once PMMA particles, such as microparticles, are formed, they arepreferably subjected to hydrolysis conditions typical of those in theart, including use of about 1-10 molar excess of potassium hydroxide permol of PMMA. Such potassium hydroxide is provided in a concentration ofabout 1-15% potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol. The solution is thenheated preferably at temperatures of about 150-185° C. for severalhours. Alternatively, to minimize reactant amounts and cost, it ispreferred that lesser amounts of potassium hydroxide be used which areless than about 5 molar excess of potassium hydroxide per mole of PMMA,more preferably about 3 molar excess or less. For such hydrolyticreactions, a concentration of about 10-15% potassium hydroxide inethylene glycol is also preferably used, and more preferably about 14%to about 15%. It will be understood by one skilled in the art, thatheating conditions at higher temperatures may be used to decreaseoverall reaction times. Reaction times may be varied depending on theoverall diameter of the resultant particles. For example, the followingconditions are able to provide particles having about 35%compressibility and desired stability: for diameters of about 200-300μm, the solution should be heated for about 7.5 to about 8.5 hours; fordiameters of about 300-355 μm, about 9.5 to about 10.5 hours; fordiameters of about 355-400 μm, about 11.5 to about 12.5 hours; and forabout 400-455 μm, about 13.5 to about 14.5 hours, etc. The particle sizecan be adjusted using variations in the polymerization process, forexample, by varying the stirring speed and the ratio of the monomer tothe aqueous phase. Further, smaller sizes can be achieved by increasingsurfactant/dispersant ratio.

Following hydrolysis, particles are separated from the reaction mixtureand their pH may be adjusted to any range as suited for furtherprocessing steps or intended uses. The pH of the particle core may beadjusted in from about 1.0 to about 9.4, preferably about 7.4 ifintended for a physiological application. Since size, swelling ratio andelasticity of the hydrogel core material are dependent on pH value, thelower pH values may be used to have beneficial effects during drying toprevent particle agglomeration and/or structural damage. Particles arepreferably sieved into different size fractions according to intendeduse. Drying of particles preferably occurs using any standard dryingprocess, including use of an oven at a temperature of about 40°-80° C.for several hours up to about a day.

To provide desired surface properties to the hydrophilic hydrogelparticles, in order to provide adhesion for receiving a PTFEP coating,the surface of the hydrogel may be subjected to treatment with anysuitable ionic or non-ionic surfactant, such as tetraalkylammoniumsalts, polyalcohols and similar materials. A more permanent change inadhesion properties is brought about by rendering the surface of theparticles hydrophobic by reaction of its polymethacrylic acid groupswith a suitable reactant. Suitable reactants include, but are notlimited to, hydrophobic alcohols, amides and carboxylic acidderivatives, more preferably they include halogenated alcohols such astrifluoroethanol. Such surface treatment also prevents delamination ofthe coating from the core once the coating is applied. Preferred surfacetreatments may include, without limitation, an initial treatment withthionyl chloride followed by reaction with trifluoroethanol.Alternatively, the surface may be treated by suspending the particles ina mixture of sulfuric acid and a hydrophobic alcohol, such astrifluoroethanol. Such treatments are preferred if the particles are tobe coated in that they minimize any delamination of a coating.

Alternatively, and most preferably, the PMA core particles may be coatedwith a surface layer of and/or infused with barium sulfate. The bariumsulfate is radiopaque and aids in visualization of the finishedparticles when in use. It also provides enhanced fluidization propertiesto the particles such that it reduces agglomeration especially duringdrying and allows for fluid bed coating of the PMA particles with anouter coating of PTFEP, thereby providing improved adhesion between aPTFEP outer core and a polymeric acrylate core particles. By allowingfluidization even when the core particles are swollen, barium sulfatealso improves the overall coating and adhesion properties. By enablingthe coating of the core particles even in a swollen state with PTFEP,barium sulfate also reduces the potential tendency of the PTFEP shellsto crack or rupture in comparison with coating the particles in a drystate and then later exposing the particles to a suspension in which thecore particles swell and exert force on the shell of PTFEP. A coating ofbarium sulfate on the core particles is preferably applied by adhesionof the barium sulfate in the form of an opaque coating on the hydrogelsurface of the PMA beads. Barium sulfate can further assist in reducingelectrostatic effects that limit particle size. By allowing forabsorption of additional humidity, the barium sulfate tends tocounteract the electrostatic effects.

Barium sulfate crystals adhering only loosely to the PMA particles maybe covalently crosslinked or chemically grafted to the particle surfaceby spraycoating a sufficient amount of an aminosilane adhesion promoteronto the PMA particle. This will help to effectively reduce bariumsulfate particulate matter in solution after hydration of the particles.Exemplary particles include 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane and similarsilane-based adhesion promoters.

A further alternative for improving visualization of microparticles madeas noted herein include the absorption of a water soluble organic dyeinside the hydrogel core particles. Exemplary dyes are preferably thoseFDA dyes approved for human use and which are known or to be developedfor safe, non-toxic use in the body and which are capable of providingacceptable contrast. Organic dyes may include dyes such as D&C Violetno. 2 and others preferably approved for medical device uses, such asfor contact lenses and resorbable sutures. Whereas barium sulfateoperates as an inorganic filler and finely dispersed pigment that makesthe particles visible by light diffraction due to small crystal size,the dyes when impregnated in the particles absorb the complementary partof the visible color spectrum.

Particles, including microparticles made in accordance with theforegoing process for forming a core hydrogel polymer are then coatedwith PTFEP and/or its derivatives. Any suitable coating process may beused, including solvent fluidized bed and/or spraying techniques.However, preferred results may be achieved using fluidized bedtechniques in which the particles pass through an air stream and arecoated through spraying while they spin within the air stream. The PTFEPor derivative polymer is provided in dilute solution for spraying toavoid clogging of the nozzle.

Exemplary solvents for use in such solutions include ethyl acetate,acetone, hexafluorbenzene, methyl ethyl ketone and similar solvents andmixtures and combinations thereof, most preferred is ethyl acetate aloneor in combination with isoamyl acetate. Typical preferred concentrationsinclude about 0.01 to about 0.3 weight percent PTFEP or its derivativein solution, more preferably about 0.02 to 0.2 weight percent PTFEP, andmost preferably about 0.075 to about 0.2 weight percent. It should beunderstood based on this disclosure that the type of hydrogel core canbe varied as can the technique for coating a particle, however it ispreferred that a core which is useful in the treatment techniques andapplications described herein is formed and subsequently coated withPTFEP and/or its derivatives as described herein.

As previously discussed, the particles can be used in various medicaland therapeutic applications, such as embolization, drug delivery,imaging (ultrasound) and as tracer particles. For example, in oneembodiment, the invention includes a method of minimizing blood flow toa specific tissue in a mammal. This process, commonly referred to asembolization, includes occluding or obstructing at least a portion of avessel, or the entire vessel, with one or more of the particles of theinvention. Such procedure is particularly useful in the treatment ofdiseases and pathologies that involve undesirable vascularized tissues,for example, tumor tissue or disorders involving the uncontrolledproliferation of certain cells such as endometriosis. In suchprocedures, the particle(s) are prepared in accordance with theprocedures described above, and may be inserted into the blood vessel byany invasive or non-invasive medical practice known or to be developedin the art such as via a catheter, a syringe, or a surgical incision.The embolization can be carried out such that only a portion of theblood vessel is occluded, or the entire vessel may be occluded. In themethod, if desired, one may use particles that have been loaded with anactive agent, such as a cytostatic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, ananti-mitogenic or cell proliferation active agent, a hormone, or anyother desirable active agent, as described herein. Embolizationparticles according to the present invention are capable ofdemonstrating improved optical visibility, additional radiopacity, andan optimum specific density of about 1.17 g/cm³. The embolizationparticles in this invention may be used with different dyes as markersas noted above for particle sizes, embedded pharmaceuticals forlocalized drug delivery and controlled drug elution characteristics.

For use in embolization therapy, particle density is preferably takeninto consideration to ensure beneficial properties for particledelivery. Possible clogging of a catheter-based delivery system mayoccur if using a density-mismatched delivery medium. In addition, it isdesirable to include a certain minimum amount of contrast agent in thedelivery medium to achieve sufficient levels of fluoroscopic contrastduring surgery. Currently, the polymethacrylate hydrogel density isbetween 1.05 g/cm³ and 1.10 g/cm³ depending on the equilibrium watercontent. The most common iodinated nonionic contrast agent media with300 mg iodine per ml have densities of 1.32-1.34 g/cm³. As used herein,“buoyancy” refers to the ability of the particles to be substantiallyfree floating in solution that occurs when the density of the particleis substantially the same as the medium in which it is suspended. Coatedparticles formed in accordance with the present invention as describedherein can reach buoyancy when there is approximately 30% contrast agentin the delivery medium, however, such levels can be adjusted for suchpreferred use according to techniques described herein.

One method for increasing the density of the particles is by use ofheavy water or deuterium oxide (D₂O). When heavy water is used to swellthe particles, D₂O displaces H₂O, thereby increasing the weight of theparticles for better dispersion and buoyancy levels. Typically thisleads to the ability to add higher amounts of contrast agent of at leastabout 5% using such a technique. However, some equilibrating effect canoccur over time when the particles are contacted with an aqueoussolution of contrasting agent. Thus, it is preferred that when using D₂Ofor this purpose, either that suspension times are kept to a minimum or,more preferably, that the contrast agent be provided in a solution whichalso uses D₂O.

Alternatively, particles of pH 1 can be neutralized with cesiumhydroxide and/or the final neutralized particles can be equilibratedwith cesium chloride. Such compounds diffuse cesium into the particles,such that either the cesium salt of polymethacrylic acid is formed orpolymethacrylic acid is diffused and thereby enriched with cesiumchloride.

The cesium increases the density of the particles, thereby increasingthe ability to add higher amounts of contrast agent. Typical buoyancylevels can be adjusted using the cesium technique such that about 45 toabout 50% contrast agent may be added to the delivery medium as isdesired for embolization. Cesium salts are non-toxic and render theparticles visible using fluoroscopy. Cesium's atomic weight of 132.9g/mol is slightly higher than that of iodine providing beneficialeffects including increase in overall density and enhancement of X-raycontrast visibility even without a contrast agent. For certain cancertreatments where a radioactive isotope of cesium is desired, such activeagent can be used as an alternative cesium source rendering theparticles buoyant in an embolic solution as well as able to be used asan active treatment source.

The above-noted techniques for improving density of particles, such asmicroparticles for embolization or other applications where densityand/or buoyancy in solution are applicable properties may be applied into the preferred particles described herein and/or may be applied forother similar particles. It should be understood that the disclosure isnot limited to cesium and/or D₂O treatment of the preferred particlesherein and that such techniques may have broader implications in otherparticles such as other acrylic-based hydrogels and other polymericparticles.

As noted above, barium sulfate may be used between the core particlesand the preferred PTFEP coating or introduced into the interior of thecore particles using any technique known or to be developed in the art.Also, organic dyes may similarly be included in the particle core. Thesematerials, particularly the barium sulfate, also contribute to anincrease in density as well as providing radiopacity. In addition to ageneral density increase as provided by the above-noted D₂O or cesiumcompounds, the barium sulfate allows this benefit even upon substantialand/or full hydration, allowing particles in suspension to remainisotonic. Thus, a barium sulfate powder coating can provide an inertprecipitate having no effect on physiological osmolarity.

It should be understood, based on this disclosure, that the variousbuoyancy additives noted above can be used independently or incombination to provide the most beneficial effects for a given coreparticle and coating combination.

The invention also includes methods of delivering an active agent to alocalized area within the body of a mammal. The method includescontacting the localized area with at least one of the particles of theinvention as described above, such that an effective amount of theactive agent is released locally to the area. Diseases or pathologiesthat may be treated by this method include any wherein the localized ortopical application of the active agent achieves some benefit incontrast to the systemic absorption of the drug. Suitable active agentsinclude NSAIDS, steroids, hormones, nucleic acids, agents used in thetreatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, such as, ulcers,Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Otheractive agents may include tacrolimus, sirolimus, paclitaxel,cis-/carboplatins, antineoplastic agents, doxorubicine and/or receptorblocking agents, e.g., aνβ3 integrin blockers, which inhibit cellattachment.

If the particle formulated for delivery of an active agent to alocalized area is about 1 to about 1,000 μm in diameter, the drug loadedmicrospheres can be applied to localized areas within the mammalian bodyusing syringes and/or catheters as a delivery device, without causinginadvertent occlusions. For example, using a contrast agent, a cathetercan be inserted into the groin artery and its movement monitored untilit has reached the area where the localized administration is desired. Adispersion of the particles in a suitable injection medium can beinjected through the catheter, guaranteeing only a specific area of thebody will be subjected to treatment with drug loaded beads (particles).As will be understood to a person of skill in the art, injection mediumsinclude any pharmaceutically acceptable mediums that are known or to bedeveloped in the art, such as, e.g., saline, PBS or any other suitablephysiological medium. In accordance with a further embodiment describedherein, the invention includes an injectable dispersion includingparticles and a contrasting agent which particles are substantiallydispersed in the solution. In a preferred embodiment, the particles arealso detectible through fluoroscopy.

The polymeric particles of the invention may be used to prepare asustained release formulation of an active agent for oraladministration. The formulation comprises a particle, as describedabove, loaded with an active agent. The polymeric particle utilized maybe hollow, substantially hollow or solid. The particle can be loadedwith the active agent either by dispersion or salvation of the activeagent in the polymer solution prior to the production of micro-sizedparticles through spray droplets, pastillation of a polymer melt orcarrying out of a cryoextraction process. Alternatively, an unloadedpolymer particle can be prepared and subsequently immersed in solutionscontaining active agents. The particles are then incubated in thesesolutions for a sufficient amount of time for the active agent todiffuse into the matrix of the polymer. After drying the particles, theactive agent will be retained in the polymer particle. If this loadingmechanism is utilized, drug loading can be controlled by adjusting drugconcentrations of the incubation medium and removing the particles fromthe incubation medium when an equilibrium condition has been attained.

Moreover, it is envisioned that the active agent can be selected so asto complement the action of the particles in a synergistic fashion,especially if the particles are being used in an occlusive orembolization procedure. For example, if the tissue to which one wishesto minimize blood flow is a tumor tissue, one may wish to load theparticles used in the occlusion with a cytostatic drug, antiangiogenicagents, or an antimitotic drug.

Also provided is a method of tracing the passage of a particle through ablood vessel or other cavity in a mammalian body. The method includesinjecting into the vessel, cavity, or a conduit adjacent to such cavityor vessel, at least one tracer particle, wherein the tracer particle isat least a particle prepared in accordance with the procedures describedabove.

The tracer particle may include a contrast agent that may aid in thevisualization of the particle as it passes through the body cavity,blood vessel, and/or other locale. In general, in this applicationsmaller particles are preferred, such as those in the range of about 1to about 10 μm, especially if the particles are to be injected into thebloodstream. However, the particles may be of any size so long as, forthis purpose, they are not large enough to occlude the blood vessel,body cavity, or adjacent cavity or vessel to which the procedure isbeing applied.

If the particles are loaded with a contrast agent, their movement can bevisualized with X-ray machines, or any other contrasting procedure,depending on the contrast agent utilized. However, if the particles donot contain a contrast agent, the flow of the particles may bevisualized using ¹⁹F-NMR based computer tomography.

If desired, one may coat the tracer particle containing a contrast agentwith a polymer coating. The polymer coating may comprise any polymerknown or to be developed in the art, including any phosphazene polymers.If there is any toxicity or concern of toxicity with respect to thecontrast agent, it is desirable that the one or more coating isnon-biodegradable. Depending on the nature of the visualizationprocedure, such contrast agents may be provided (e.g., from the class ofconventional radiographic contrast enhancing agents such as ionic ornonionic Iodine-containing compounds (Imeron™, Optiray™, etc.).

Where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is employed for visualization,the contrast agent to be provided may be chosen from the class of rareearth compounds, such as Gadolinium and Samarium-chelates, and so forth,as is well known to the art.

Since the hydrogel core component in embodiments of the presentinvention can be chosen to be derived from an anionic hydrogel polymer,such as Polymethacrylic acid and the like, the incorporation ofmultivalent metal compounds, including aforementioned rare earth orother metals, may facilitate a favorable ionic interaction of thesecompounds, such as by ionic crosslinking or similar ionic interaction,thus providing for favorable retention or accumulation of thesecompounds in the particles and hence providing for a sustained releaseeffect of such compounds in various embodiments according to the presentinvention.

The invention also includes the method of carrying out an enhancedultrasound imaging procedure (sonography). In order to do this, one mayadminister to the ultrasound subject at least one hollow microcapsule tothe area of the ultrasound subject that one wishes to visualize. Suchadministration can be accomplished by any means known or to be developedin the art, including by use of a syringe, catheter or other invasive ornon-invasive medical device, and/or by a surgical incision. In suchmethod, it is preferable to use particles which are hollow orsubstantially hollow, i.e. having an inner cavity that is equal to atleast about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about50%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, of the volume of the entireparticle. The hollow particles are administered to a portion of theultrasound subject which one wishes to image. While not wishing to bebound by theory, it is speculated that the particles enhance theultrasound image by increasing the ultrasound “echo” due to their abruptdensity change, when compared to the surrounding tissue. The hollowcavities of the particles act to reflect the ultrasound, therebyenhancing the image.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples,which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations uponthe scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood thatresort can be had to various other aspects, embodiments, modifications,and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, cansuggest themselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departingfrom the spirit of the present invention or the scope of the appendedclaims.

Further, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited tospecific materials, agents, polyphosphazenes, or other compounds usedand disclosed in the invention described herein, including in thefollowing examples, as each of these can vary. It is also to beunderstood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing particular aspects or embodiments and is not intended to belimiting. Should the usage or terminology used in any reference that isincorporated by reference conflict with the usage or terminology used inthis disclosure, the usage and terminology of this disclosure controls.

Unless indicated otherwise, temperature is reported in degreesCentigrade and pressure is at or near atmospheric. An example of thepreparation of a polyphosphazene of this invention is provided with thesynthesis of poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PzF) polymer, whichmay be prepared according to U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2003/0157142, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Also unless indicated otherwise, when a range of any type is disclosedor claimed, for example a range of molecular weights, layer thicknesses,concentrations, temperatures, and the like, it is intended to discloseor claim individually each possible number that such a range couldreasonably encompass, including any sub-ranges encompassed therein. Forexample, when the Applicants disclose or claim a chemical moiety havinga certain number of atoms, for example carbon atoms. Applicants' intentis to disclose or claim individually every possible number that such arange could encompass, consistent with the disclosure herein. Thus, bythe disclosure that an alkyl substituent or group can have from 1 to 20carbon atoms, Applicants intent is to recite that the alkyl group have1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20carbon atoms. In another example, by the disclosure that microsphereshave a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm, Applicants includewithin this disclosure the recitation that the microspheres have adiameter of approximately 500 μm, approximately 510 μm, approximately520 μm, approximately 530 μm, approximately 540 μm, approximately 550μm, approximately 560 μm, approximately 570 μm, approximately 580 μm,approximately 590 μm, and/or approximately 600 μm, including any rangeor sub-range encompassed therein. Accordingly, Applicants reserve theright to proviso out or exclude any individual members of such a group,including any sub-ranges or combinations of sub-ranges within the group,that can be claimed according to a range or in any similar manner, iffor any reason Applicants choose to claim less than the full measure ofthe disclosure, for example, to account for a reference that Applicantsare unaware of at the time of the filing of the application.

Example 1

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 3×10⁶ g/mol in the polymer solvent ethylacetate to obtain a 2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of thispolymer solution was manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 mlsyringe. This dispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150milliliters of pentane. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextraction was allowed toproceed for three days. Subsequently, polymeric particles were retrievedfrom the reaction vessel, and were air dried at 21° C.

Example 2

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 350 to 450 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 3×10⁶ g/mol in ethyl acetate to obtain a1% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymer solutionwas manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe. Thisdispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters ofpentane. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextraction was allowed to proceed forthree days. Subsequently, polymeric particles were retrieved from thereaction vessel and were air dried at 21° C.

Example 3

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 12×10⁶ g/mol in methylisobutylketone toobtain a 2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymersolution was manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe.This dispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters ofa 1:9 (v/v) ethanol/pentane mixture (See FIG. 2.). The cryoextractionwas allowed to proceed for three days. Subsequently, polymeric particleswere retrieved from the reaction vessel, and dried under reducedpressure at 21° C.

Example 4

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 9×10⁶ g/mol in isoamylketone to obtain a2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymer solutionwas manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe. Thisdispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters ofpentane. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextraction was allowed to proceed forthree days. Subsequently, polymeric polymers were retrieved from thereaction vessel and dried under reduced pressure at 21° C.

Example 5

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 16×10⁶ g/mol in cyelohexanone to obtain a2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymer solutionwas manually dropped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe. Thisdispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters of a 1:1(v/v) ethanol/diethyl ether mixture. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextractionwas allowed to proceed for three days. Subsequently, polymeric particleswere retrieved from the reaction vessel and dried under reduced pressureat 21° C.

Example 6

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 3×10⁶ g/mol in ethyl acetate to obtain a2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymer solutionwas manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe. Thisdispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters ofhexane. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextraction was allowed to proceed forthree days. Subsequently, polymeric particles were retrieved from thereaction vessel and air dried at 21° C.

Example 7

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 3×10⁶ g/mol in ethyl acetate to obtain a2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymer solutionwas manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe. Thisdispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters ofethanol. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextraction was allowed to proceed forthree days. Subsequently, polymeric particles were retrieved from thereaction vessel and air dried at 21° C. The particles were noticeablygel-like and after drying were ellipsoid in shape.

Example 8

Microspheres having a diameter of approximately 500 to 600 μm wereprepared. First, a polymer solution was prepared by dissolving PTFEPpolymer of a molecular weight 3×10⁶ g/mol in ethyl acetate to obtain a2% (wt/v) polymer solution. Four milliliters of this polymer solutionwas manually dripped into liquid nitrogen using a 5 ml syringe. Thisdispersion was dispensed onto a frozen layer of 150 milliliters ofdiethylether. (See FIG. 2.) The cryoextraction was allowed to proceedfor three days. Subsequently, polymeric particles were retrieved fromthe reaction vessel and air dried at 21° C. The resultant particleswere, after drying, compact and uniformly spherical.

Example 9

A two liter cryovessel as shown in FIG. 6 was filled with 100milliliters of diethyl ether as a non-solvent. Liquid nitrogen wasslowly added until the non-solvent froze. The vessel was then filledwith additional liquid nitrogen, until the amount of liquid nitrogenrose approximately 5 to 10 cm when measured vertically above thenon-solvent layer. The vessel was closed with an insulated lid, and asyringe needle connected via Teflon tubing to a syringe pump wasinserted through a small opening in the lid.

The syringe pump as shown in FIG. 7, was used to dispense between 5 to15 milliliters of the 5 to 40 mg/ml polymer solution in ethyl acetate,slowly into the cryovessel. The rate of the pump was adjusted toapproximately 10 milliliters dispensing volume per hour. A Teflon®cylinder with one inlet and one to eight outlets is used to distributethe dispensed volumes into several vessels in parallel. (It ispreferable that the ratio of solvent to non-solvent volume stays below10% (v/v). Otherwise the particles may adhere to one another.) After thepolymer solution was completely dispensed into the vessel, another 100milliliters of non-solvent was slowly poured on top of the liquidnitrogen.

In carrying out this process, it is noted that it is preferable that theneedle tips used for dispensing are small, such as the G33 size.Additionally, the dropping distance should be more than 5 cm, so thatthe droplets aided by gravity immediately sink into the liquid nitrogenupon hitting the surface.

The liquid nitrogen in the vessel was slowly allowed to evaporate,taking approximately one day. The non-solvent slowly began to melt, andthe polymer solution droplets, still frozen, sank into the coldnon-solvent. After another day of incubation, the now gelled polymerbeads (particles) were retrieved from the vessel by simple filtration.They were allowed to dry at room temperature for approximately 30minutes and then were ready for use in any of the applications describedherein.

Example 10

The microspheres prepared by the process of Example 1 were examined forshape and surface morphology by optical microscope, scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. The results of theseanalyses are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B). FIG. 3A shows the microspheresas they appear using an optical microscope at 4× magnification. FIG. 3Bshows a microsphere as it appears using a scanning electron microscopeat 100× magnification.

It can be seen that surface morphology of the unloaded spheres istypical for semi-crystalline polymers above glass transitiontemperature. Amorphous as well crystalline regions are prevalentthroughout the sample surface. The surface is microporous in nature,with pore sizes ranging from nanometers to few micrometers in diameter.

Particles loaded with bovine insulin were also analyzed using scanningelectron microscopy (100× magnification). The result of these analysescan be seen in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B).

Example 11

Several polymerizations were carried out using varying combinations ofPMMA and three different crosslinking monomers (EDGMA, DEGDMA andTEGDMA), different radical initiators (benzoyl peroxide (BPO) andlauroyl peroxide (LPO), EDTA as a complexing agent and varyingdispersants (Cyanamer 370M, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and varying types ofpolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to achieve the preferred core particles. In somepolymerizations, sodium phosphate buffer solution (Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄) wasused. It was observed that some of the reaction procedures wentunsuccessful due to the type of dispersant and concentration chosen.Failure of the dispersant was demonstrated in the form of early onset ofan exothermic reaction, coalescing aqueous and organic phases andpremature onset of the vitrification phase. Only the successful examplesare shown. The successful runs are shown below in Table 1, whichincludes the components, concentrations and reaction conditions for suchsamples (1-6).

TABLE 1 Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monomer PMMA PMMA PMMA PMMA PMMA PMMA 99.0 g190.0 g 182.0 g 200.2 g 200.2 g 200.2 g Crosslinker EGDMA EGDMA EGDMADEGDMA TEGDMA TEGDMA (1 wt %/ (1 wt %/ (1 wt %/ (0.5 mol %/ (0.5 (0.5mol %/ monomer) monomer) monomer) monomer) mol %/ monomer monomer) 7.5mMol DDM) Radical LPO LPO LPO LPO LPO LPO Initiator (0.3 wt % (0.3 wt %(0.3 wt % (0.3 wt % (0.3 wt % (0.3 wt % monomer monomer) monomer)monomer) monomer) monomer) Complexing EDTA EDTA EDTA EDTA EDTA EDTAAgent 22 mg 44 mg 44 mg 56 mg 56 mg 56 mg Monomer/ 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:6 1:61:6 Water Ratio Dispersant PVA 4/88 PVA 4/88 PVA 26/88 PVA 26/88 PVA26/88 PVA 26/88 35% PVA 35% PVA 0.25 wt %/ 0.23 wt %/ 0.23 wt %/ 0.23 wt%/ 26/88 26/88 water water water water 65% 1 65% 0.5 wt %/ wt %/ waterwater Buffer No No No Yes Yes Yes Solution Reaction 1 h 67° C 1 h 67° C1 h 67° C 1 h 67° C 1 h 67° C 1 h 67° C Temperature/ 2 h 70° C 2 h 70° C2 h 70° C 2 h 70° C 2 h 70° C 2 h 70° C Time 1 h 80° C 1 h 80° C 1 h 80°C 1 h 80° C 1 h 80° C 1 h 80° C Outcome 1-50 μm 20-200 μm 100-200 μm1-100 μm 1-100 μm 50-1,000 μm (particle due to due to due to due to dueto due to size) dispersant dispersant dispersant initial initial initialconc. conc. conc. stirring at stirring at stirring at 400 rpm 400 rpm130 rpm

Example 12

Hydrogel microparticles formed in accordance with the proceduresdescribed herein were evaluated for buoyancy and suspension propertiesfor use in embolization applications. The microparticles included asample using unmodified polymethacrylic acid potassium salt hydrogelparticles (Sample A); a sample using trifluoroethyl esterifiedpolymethacrylic acid potassium salt hydrogels (Sample B); and a sampleusing the same hydrogel as Sample B, but wherein the particles werecoated with PTFEP (Sample C). An isotonic phosphate buffered salinesolution of pH 7.4 having 0.05 volume % Tween™ 20 was prepared bydissolving 5 phosphate buffered saline tablets (Fluka®) in 999.5 ml ofmilliQ ultrapure water. 0.5 ml of Tween 20™ surfactant was added to thesolution. Solutions having between 20 and 50 percent by volume ofImeron300® contrast agent in the isotonic buffered saline solution werethen prepared for evaluation.

The contrast agent solutions which were prepared were then placed in 4ml vials in aliquots of 2 ml each. To the vials, 50-80 mg of thehydrated hydrogel Samples A-C were added. Each Sample was first hydratedby adding to 100 mg of dry hydrogel microparticles either 900 mg ofisotonic phosphate buffered saline solution or D₂O to obtain 1 mlswollen hydrogel. Buoyancy properties were measured immediately andevery 10 minutes thereafter until buoyancy equilibrium was achievedand/or surpassed.

All of the particles reached equilibrium density in the contrast agentsolution having 30-40% contrasting agent within 5 min. Particles whichwere swollen with D₂O were heavier within the first 10 minutes, but theD₂O did diffuse out of the particles over time within 15-20 min. ofimmersion. If additional water which could displace the D₂O were notadded, microparticles hydrated with D₂O would be able to increase thecontrast agent percentage achievable with adequate buoyancy by as muchas 5%. Particles began to float to the top over time when the contrastagent was added in percentages of 40%-50%.

The equilibrium buoyancy (matching densities) was achieved for Sample Cin 31±1 volume percent of contrast agent in solution. With regard toSamples A and B, swelling behavior and subsequent density are typicallydependent on crosslinking content, pH, ionic strength and valence ofcations used. However, it was assumed herein that the swelling does notinfluence buoyancy due to the sponge-like nature of the polymethacrylicacid hydrogel material. After such material was coated with the PTFEP asin Sample C, a time lag of swelling was observed and buoyancyequilibrium was slower to achieve.

Example 13

In order to take account of the time lag and to achieve a more preferreddensity, as well as to enhance the fluoroscopic visibility of theparticles, cesium treatment was then effected for the types ofmicroparticles used in Samples B and C of Example 12.

100 mg of Sample C and of Sample B were hydrated each for 10 min. in a30 weight percent solution of sodium chloride. The supernatant liquidwas decanted after equilibrium and the microparticles were washedthoroughly with deionized water. They were then equilibrated for another10 min., decanted and suspended in 3 ml of surfactant-free isotonicphosphate buffer solution at a pH 7.4. The effect on buoyancy was thenevaluated using contrast agent solutions varying from 20 to 50% byvolume of Imeron® 300. In this Example, 0.1 g of the microparticles ofSamples B and C were used. 3.5 ml of Imeron 300 contrast agent wereprovided to the initial buffer solution which included 4.0 ml isotonicphosphate buffer/Tween™ 20 solution.

The equilibration procedure using cesium chloride yielded particles ofincreased density. Both microparticle samples showed a final buoyancy inthe Imeron® 300 contrast agent solutions at concentrations of 45-50%contrast agent, regardless of the presence or absence of Tween™ 20surfactant. The conditions for saturation appeared to be dependent uponthe initial pH of the particles, the pH used during the procedure andthe corresponding saturation with methacrylic acid groups in theparticle. At pH below 3.6, constant exchange between protons and cationswas observed. As a result, more beneficial results were shown at pHabove about 3.6 and below about 6.6 to temper the amount of cesium.Within the preferred range, buoyancy can be varied. At reasonablyneutral levels, based on test at pH of 7.4, the microparticles did notlose their buoyancy after storage in the contrast agent bufferedsolution over night.

Example 14

Further compressibility and mechanical property testing were done onmicrospheres in accordance of Samples B and/or C of Example 12. Apressure test stand which was used for further evaluation is shown inFIG. 8. An automated syringe plunger 2 having a motor 4 for providing avariable feed rate of 0 to 250 mm/h and a gear box 6 was furtherequipped with a Lorenz pressure transducer 8 capable of measuring forcesin the 0 to 500 N range. The syringe plunger 2 was in communication witha syringe body 10 as shown. The digital output of the transducer wasrecorded using a personal computer. The syringe body 10 was filled with5 ml of a solution of contrast agent in isotonic phosphatebuffer/surfactant (Tween™ 20) solution in a concentration of about 30-32volume percent contrast agent. Microparticles were provided to thesyringe as well in an amount of 56 mg dry mass. The syringe contentswere then injected through the microcatheter 12 which was attached tothe distal end 14 of the syringe. The microcatheter had a lumen diameterof 533 μm. The force needed to push the microparticles through thecatheter into the Petri dish 16 (shown for receiving microparticlesolution) was measured and recorded as pressure.

In order to make certain calculations, the following information wasapplied as based on typical use of microspheres for embolization.Typically such microspheres have a water content of about 90% such thata vial for embolization would therefore contain 0.2 mg of embolizationparticles in 9.8 ml of injection liquid (2 ml of hydrated microparticlesin 8 ml supernatant liquid). Standard preparation procedures includeadding 8 ml of Imeron® 300 contrast agent to the contents of a singlevial. This would provide an equilibrium concentration of contrast agentof 8 ml/(9.8 ml+8 ml)=44.9 volume percent within an injection solution.The solution is typically drawn up in 1 ml syringes for final delivery.The injection density thus equals:

β=V _(Emb) /V _(Tot)=2 ml/18 ml=0.111 Embolization agent per volumefraction.

The Sample C spheres demonstrated approximately the same equilibriumwater content as typical embolization spheres. To achieve the sameinjection density desired for typical surgical procedures, 56 mg ofSample C microspheres were added to 5 ml of a 31 volume percent contrastagent solution in isotonic phosphate buffer and surfactant as notedabove.

The Sample B and C microspheres were evaluated in differentmicrocatheters of equal lumen diameter at a pH of 7.4. Injections inboth the horizontal and vertical direction were made under differentbuoyancy levels and using different swelling levels (based on pH of 6.0in contrast to pH 7.4). The results demonstrated that as long as thediameter of the microspheres was below the internal diameter of themicrocatheter, the microparticles passed through the catheter withoutadditional frictional force in the same manner as the referencesolution. An increase to about 1.0 to 1.4 kg gravitation force wasmeasured when the microparticle diameter reached the same dimension asthe lumen diameter. At roughly 20% compression, forces of about 1.5-2.3kg were needed to overcome frictional forces within the catheter. Forcesgreater than 5 kg were taken as a guideline for moderate to highinjection pressures. When particles are heavier than the injectionmedium, clogging was observed when injecting in the vertical position.When injecting the microparticles in the horizontal position, it wasobserved that serious clogging was alleviated and that larger volumeswere injectible over time.

Injection pressure was further minimized when a lower pH (reducedswelling) was used in combination with horizontal injection such thatthe injection pressures were comparable to the injection media itself.In addition, injection of Sample C microparticles also exhibited a goodinjection pressure pattern at a physiological pH. The catheter entrancedid not clog and each peak in the curve corresponded to either a singlemicroparticle or number of particles passing through the catheter.

The results of the various catheter simulation tests shows that theinvention can be used to form injectible microparticles having a densitywhich substantially matches the density of the injection medium forembolization use. The particles' compressibility can further be suchthat it can be injected without forces over more than about 5 kg on thesyringe plunger. The pH of the injection medium can be taken down toabout 6 or injections can be done horizontally to increase the ease ofpassage of Sample B and C microparticles through the catheter. Oncewithin the blood stream, the particles can expand to their original sizein the pH 7.4 environment.

Additional swelling tests were conducted on the microparticles of SampleC and it was observed that when ion concentrations were low, swellingincreased. In higher concentrated solutions, swelling decreased.Continued dilution of the microparticles of Sample C in a buffersolution led to an increase from 17% to 20% in size of themicroparticles. When mixed into an isotonic phosphate buffer solution,the microparticles initially increase in size between 83.8 and 97%,wherein in deionized water, size increases are from about 116.2 to about136.6%, referring to the dry particles.

In further testing to evaluate the compressibility of the microparticlesof Sample C, the syringe pressure test stand of FIG. 8 was used,however, an optical microscope was used to evaluate the microparticlesas they passed through a progressively narrowed pipette which wasattached to polyethylene tubing connected to the syringe containing aphosphate buffer solution suspension of microparticles of Sample C. Thepipette narrowed to an inner diameter of 490 μm and the pipette wasmounted to a Petri dish such that the narrowest part was submerged inphosphate buffer solution to avoid optical distortion and to collect theliquid ejected from the pipette during measurement. Optical microscopepictures were taken of the microparticles passing through the pipettebefore and during compression. In observing the microparticles, none ofthem underwent a fracture, nor did they form debris or coatingdelamination after passing through the narrow site. Microparticles whichwere chosen to be deliberately too big for the narrow site (for acompression of about 40%) did not break or rupture, but clogged thenarrow site instead. The maximum compressibility under a reasonableamount of force on the microparticles while still allowing themicroparticles to pass through the catheter was about 38.7%. Based onthese evaluations, the microparticles according to Sample C demonstrateproperties that would allow particles which are too large to clog thecatheter rather than break up and cause potential damage to the patient.The test results provided suggested preferred use parameters for SampleC microparticles for embolization use as shown in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Particle Force Radius (μm) Constriction (μm) Compression (%)Needed (kg) 340 540 25.9 and 26.5 2.58 and 1.92 360 540 33.3 3.19 330540 22.2 2.83 330 540 22.2 2.14 370 540 37.0 and 37.3 3.59 and 2.77 330540 22.2 2.08 320 540 18.5 and 18.4 1.61 and 1.38 330 540 22.2 1.71

Sample C microparticles were further subjected to mechanical and thermalstress stability testing. Microparticles, after passing through a TerumoProgreat Tracker catheter were washed with deionized water to removeresidual buffer solution along with contrast agent. They were dehydratedfor 12 h at 60° C. and then transferred to an SEM for surface analysis.They were compared with particles from the original batch ofmicroparticles which had undergone the same hydration/dehydration cyclein milliQ ultrapure water, but which had not been passed through thecatheter. FIGS. 9A and 9B show the surface of the Sample Cmicroparticles just after the hydration/dehydration cycle and the filmthickness of an exemplary Sample C microparticle, respectively. SEMsafter passing through a catheter at various magnifications (FIGS. 10A,10B, 10C and 10D) show that the coating did not delaminate (FIG. 10A).Some microparticles did demonstrate some stretching out in the coatingfilm (FIGS. 10B and 10C). However, a closer magnification as in FIG. 10Ddemonstrates that the morphology of the coating layer is still intact.

A sterilizer was filled with 2 l of deionized water and 10 vials eachhaving 56 mg of Sample C microparticles in 3.3 g of solution of isotonicphosphate buffer/surfactant (Tween™ 20) and turned on. The water boilingpoint was reached about 15 min. after the start of the sterilizer, andtemperature was held at that point for 3 min. to remove air by watervapor. The vessel was then sealed shut to raise pressure and temperatureto 125° C. and 1.2 bar pressure. This took approximately 10 min. Thetemperature was then maintained for 15 min, and then the vessel was shutdown for a cooling phase. A temperature of 60° C. was reached about 30min later, after which the vessel was vented, the samples withdrawn andthe vessel shut tightly. A sample vial was opened, and the supernatantliquid decanted. The microparticles were washed with deionized water.After dehydration, they were subjected to measurement using an SEM. Theresults demonstrated only a small number of delaminated coatings on themicroparticles under such thermal stress (see FIG. 11A in the strongwhite contrast portion). The overall percentage of such microparticleswas only about 5 to 10%. Close up, the film delamination which did occurappears to have occurred along crystalline-amorphous domain boundariesin the PTFEP coating (see FIG. 11B). Most of the microparticles showedonly minor defects (such as a minor circular patch being missing), butno damage to the hull of the microparticles (see FIGS. 11C and 11D).

Example 15

Microparticles were formed in accordance with a preferred embodimentherein. A deionized water solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) wasprepared using about 23 g of PVA of weight average molecular weight ofabout 85,000-124,000, which PVA was about 87-89% hydrolyzed and 1000 gwater. A phosphate buffer solution was prepared using 900 g deionizedwater, 4.53 g disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.26 g sodium dihydrogenphosphate and 0.056 g ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer was vacuum distilled prior to use.

Polymerization was carried out in a three-necked, round-bottomed,2000-ml flask with a KPG mechanical stirring apparatus attached. Theflask was also equipped with a thermometer, reflux condenser and apressure release valve with a nitrogen inlet. The polymerization processfurther utilized 100 ml of the PVA solution prepared above, 900 ml ofthe phosphate buffer solution, 0.65 g of dilauroyl peroxide, 200.2 gmethacrylic acid methyl ester and 2.86 g triethylene glycoldimethacrylate.

The PVA and buffer solutions were provided to the reactor flask. Thedistilled MMA and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate were introduced,dilauroyl peroxide then added to the same flask and the components wereagitated to ensure dissolved solids. The reaction flask was flushed withargon and the stirrer speed set to at 150 rpm to produce particle sizesof a majority in the range of 300-355 μm. Stirring continued forapproximate 5 minutes. The stirrer was then set to 100 rpm and argonflushing was discontinued. The reaction flask was then subjected to awater bath which was heated to 70° C. and held at approximately thattemperature for about 2 hours. The temperature of the bath was thenincreased to 73° C. and held for an hour, then the water bathtemperature was raised again to 85° C. and held for another hour. Thestirring and heat were discontinued. The solution was filtered and theresulting polymethylacrylate microparticles were dried in an oven at 70°C. for about 12 hours. The microparticles were subjected to sieving andcollected in size fractions of from 100-150; 150-200; 200-250; 250-300;300-355; 355-400; and 400-450 μm with a maximum yield at 300-355 μm.

The PMMA microparticles thus formed were then hydrolyzed. A portion of100 g 250-300 μm sized microparticles, 150 g potassium hydroxide and1400 g of ethylene glycol were added to a 2000 ml flask, refluxcondenser with drying tube connected, and the mixture was heated at 165°C. for 8 hours for full hydrolysis. The mixture was allowed to cool toroom temperature, solution decanted and the microparticles were washedwith deionized water. The procedure was repeated for other calibratedsizes of microparticles (the following reaction times applied: 300-355micron particles: 10 hours; 355-400 micron particles: 12 hours and400-455 micron particles: 14 hours). That is, the particular size of theparticles can be selected, standardized, or calibrated according to theconditions under which they are prepared.

The microparticles were finally acidified with hydrochloric acid to a pHof 7.4, and dried in an oven at approximately 70° C.

Example 16

Microparticles formed in accordance with Example 15 were then esterifiedin this Example. For esterification surface treatment, 800 g of driedmicroparticles from Example 15 were weighed in a 2 L reaction vesselwith a reflux condenser. 250 g thionyl chloride in 1.5 L diethyl etherwere added under stirring. Stirring was continued at room temperaturefor 20 hours. The solvent and volatile reactants were removed byfiltration and subsequent vacuum drying. Then 500 g trifluoroethanol in1.5 L ether were introduced and the suspension stirred for another 20hours at room temperature. The particles were finally dried undervacuum.

Example 17

In an alternative surface treatment to Example 16, 800 g driedmicroparticles from Example 15 were reacted with 1140 g trifluoroethanoland 44 g sulfuric acid added as a catalyst. The mixture was stirred for20 hours at room temperature, filtered and dried under vacuum.

Example 18

800 g of dry PMMA potassium salt microparticles which were partiallyesterified with trifluoroethanol as described above in Examples 15-16were spray coated with PTFEP in an MP-1 Precision Coater™ fluidized bedcoating apparatus (available from Aeromatic-Fielder AG, Bubendor,Switzerland). The particles were picked up by an air stream (40-60 m³/h,55° C. incoming temperature) and spray coated with PTFEP solutionmicrodroplets from an air-fluid coaxial nozzle. The solution compositionwas 0.835 g PTFEP, 550 g ethyl acetate and 450 g isopentyl acetate. Itwas fed through the nozzle's 1.3 mm wide inner bore at a rate of 10-30g/min. At the nozzle head, it was atomized with pressurized air (2.5bar). The total amount of spray solution (3 kg) was calculated to coatthe particle with a 150 nm thick PTFEP film.

Example 19

The dry potassium salt microparticles of Examples 15-16, which werepartially esterified with trifluoroethanol as described above, werespray-coated with diluted PTFEP solution in ethyl acetate in acommercially available fluidized bed coating device (see Example 16).100 mg of such coated, dried microparticles as well as 100 mg ofuncoated, dried PMA potassium salt microparticles which were partiallyesterified with trifluoroethanol, were immersed in about 30% aqueouscesium chloride solution, prepared by dissolving 30.0 g cesium chloridein 100 ml deionized water. The supernatant liquid was decanted after 10min. equilibrium time and the microparticles were washed thoroughly withdeionized water, equilibrated for another 10 min., decanted andsuspended in 3 ml surfactant free phosphate buffer solution at a pH of7.4. Density of the particles in solution was measured for matchingdensity in a contrast agent solution. To each type of microparticle wasadded a contrast agent solution which included a ratio of 3.5 ml ofImeron® 300 contrast agent (density 1.335 g/ml) and 4 ml phosphatebuffered saline (density 1.009 g/ml). Both hydrogel types reachedbuoyancy at levels of 45-50% contrast agent in solution. Thiscorresponds to an increased density of the microparticles of 1.16 g/ml.

Example 20

Microparticles were formed in accordance with the procedure of Example15 with the exception that an exterior barium sulfate coating wasprepared on the microparticles after neutralization of the particles andthe microparticles were not dried after neutralization prior to thebarium sulfate coating step. To prepare the barium sulfate coating, 2500ml hydrated particles were subjected to 2000 ml of 0.5 M sodium sulfate(Na₂SO₄) solution and saturated for 4-12 hours. To the particlesuspension was then slowly added 1950 ml of 0.5 M barium chloride(BaCl₂) solution under stirring at room temperature. After washing withexcess deionized water, the resulting particles in a swollen stateincluded a barium sulfate powder coated surface. The particles were thendried and esterified in the manner noted above in Example 16. Theparticles were then coated using the fluidized bed process of Example 21below. The resulting microparticles were externally coated with anon-adhesive barium sulfate powder. Barium sulfate coatings prepared inaccordance with this invention and procedure are capable of preventingparticle agglomeration during drying and also increase density. Theconcentration and ratios of barium sulfate may be varied to providedifferent results and a use of an excess of sodium sulfate can minimizeresidual barium chloride. The particles formed in accordance with thisexample were effectively washed with hot water to minimize excess bariumsulfate powder that may contaminate vials, etc. The barium sulfate workseffectively to prevent adhesion of particles prior to drying to assistin fluidization of the hydrated microparticles.

Example 21

Fluidized bed coating of barium sulfate powdered beads was performedusing polymethacrylate beads with a surface layer of barium sulfateformed in accordance with Example 20 but an excess of barium chloridewas used such that barium ions diffused inside the core and formed aprecipitate inside the hydrogel core.

In preparing the particles, the same procedure for barium sulfate coatedparticles set forth in Example 20 was repeated with the exception thatthe order of addition was reversed. Thus, 2500 ml hydratedmicroparticles were suspended in 2500 ml deionized water and slowly, 5mol % (200 ml) of a 0.5 M (BaCl₂) were added slowly under stirring. Theaddition was performed within a time period of three minutes to preventirreversible barium acrylate formation taking place. The suspension wasthen immediately quenched with the double amount (400 ml) of 0.5 Msodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) solution under stirring at room temperature.Afterwards, the particles were washed three times with 2 L of deionizedwater each. This procedure precipitated barium sulfate inside theparticles.

The resulting precipitate was precipitated within the pores of thehydrogel core and could not be removed by multiple washings with water.The particles thus formed were found to have a permanent increaseddensity in contrast to unmodified particles. The density increase wascontrollable by the molar amount of barium chloride used. Amountsranging from 0-15 mol % of barium chloride were used reproducibly withthis procedure. It was observed during evaluations of this procedurethat, if the time period of addition exceeded 5 minutes, based upon thediffusion speed of barium chloride within the particles, the outer poresof the hydrogel core became irreversibly crosslinked, thereby preventingthe barium sulfate precipitate inside from leaching out. This effect wasvisible by optical microscopy as the “diffusion front” of the bariumsulfate was clearly visible as a white band inside the particle, whereasthe surface remained clear.

Both Examples 20 and 21 provided particles having anti-adhesiveproperties that tend not to agglomerate during drying processes;therefore avoiding surface damage. Generally, such an advantage helpsminimize the amount of particles needed for a fluidized bed procedure asthe particles can be fluidized without being completely dried. Theresidual water content may be increased up to 1:1 based on dry weightwithout agglomeration. The Examples also produce particles withincreased density properties wherein the density change appears to bepermanent.

It should also be understood according to this disclosure that generallywhen applying the procedures noted herein, barium sulfate may beintroduced in accordance with the invention in a range of from 0 toabout 100 mol %, and preferably 0 to about 15 mol % to provide particlesthat have preferred elasticity, density and mechanical stabilityproperties.

The particles formed according to this Example having a barium sulfateload inside the core were then esterified according to Example 16 andvacuum-dried. 300 g of the dry beads were suspended in 300 g water whichwas completely absorbed by the polymethacrylate cores within less than 1min while the barium sulfate powdered particle surface appeared dry andthe particles showed no tendency to agglomerate.

The particles (now 600 g) with 50 weight percent (wt %) water insidewere spray coated with APTMS/PTFEP in an MP-1 Precision Coater™fluidized bed coating apparatus according to Example 18 with theexception that an additional aminosilane adhesion promoter was used. Theprocess equipment used was the same as that of Example 18, but thecoating provided included three different layers. A bottom coating of3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) adhesion promoter was providedupon which was a second coating layer of a mixture of APTMS and PTFEPand a third, top coating layer of PTFEP. All three spray solutions wereprepared by dissolving the coating material in isopentyl acetate andethyl acetate in a 1:1 weight percentage ratio mixture. The firstsolution included 35 μl APTMS dissolved in 200 g acetate mixture. Thesecond solution included 25 μl APTMS and 125 mg PTFEP in 150 mg of theacetate mixture and the third included 50 mg PTFEP in 60 g of theacetate mixture. The spray solution quantities and concentrations referto the coating of a 300 g batch with 350 m particles. The absorbed waterevaporated at a rate of 5-10 g/min. The process was stopped after 30 minwhen the coating thickness reached 100 nm and the residual water contentwas 18.4 wt %.

Example 22

The absorption of organic dyes was tested on microparticles formedaccording to Example 15. To 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline solutioncontaining 1 ml of hydrated beads was provided an amount of 5-10 μl ofthe respective dye as a 10 millimolar solution in ethanol. The sampleswere incubated for 30-60 minutes at room temperature under gentleshaking of the vial. Supernatant liquid was discarded and particles werewashed three times with 2 ml of either deionized water, saline or PBSbuffer solution prior to visualization with optical and fluorescencemicroscopy. The dyes tested included triphenylmethane derived dyes suchas Fluoescein diacetate and Rhodamin 6G which were evaluated along withcarbocyanine based dyes such as DiI. The triphenylmethane basedFluorecein and Rhoamine dyes exhibited a specific affinity for thehydrophilic PMMA hydrogel core through ionic interactions. They wereable to easily withstand the rigorous conditions of repeated washing andsteam sterilization without substantial leaching. The carbocyanine dyeDiI on the other hand exhibited a high selectivity for the hydrophobicPTFEP shell, without penetrating the hydrophilic PMAA core material.Thus with the subsequent staining employing the combination of DiI andFluorescein diacetate both core and shell could be simultaneouslyvisualized employing a fluorescence optical microscope. As a result,this procedure provides a fast, sensitive fluorescence-staining assayfor the PMAA particles that makes core and shell simultaneously visibleunder conditions encountered in actual application. This procedurefurther enables assessment of the mechanical-elastic stress or damage tothe PTFEP shell. It further shows the affinity of certain classes ofdyes for the various components of the particle.

Use of these and other dyes may be used to visually identify selectedmicrospheres, which may be provided and dyed for identification toindicate certain sizes of microspheres for use in selected clinical ordiagnostic applications. Color-coding may also be used to identifyselected microspheres on the basis of other properties, such as contentof certain therapeutic or diagnostic agents. Applications according tothe present invention may also improve the imaging visualization byenhancing the particles' buoyancy behavior

FIG. 12A shows exemplary microspheres A, B, and C of the presentinvention, in which the microspheres are each of different diameters,and each has a different color-coding. In an exemplary use of suchmicrospheres of the present invention, color-coded microspheres of likesizes may be separately packaged and supplied for use. Such color-codedmicrospheres may provide a user a visual indication of the specificmicrosphere in a particular clinical or diagnostic use.

In various embodiments according to the present invention, microspheresmay be produced in calibrated sizes ranging from about 1 to about 10,000nanometers in diameter. In one embodiment of the present invention,microspheres of the present invention may be provided in sizes of about40, about 100, about 250, about 400, about 500, about 700, and about 900nanometers in diameter, with a visually distinctive color imparted toeach size of microsphere. Other sizes, size ranges, and calibrated sizedmicrospheres lacking color dye are also included in the presentinvention. Not only may the microspheres or particles be provided indifferent size ranges, but their elasticity may be controlled accordingto the present invention to specifically provide for proximal or distalembolization behavior, due to potentially differing ranges ofcompressibility which may alter the traveling distance of the particlesor microspheres upon their release within a selected blood vessel.Microspheres of the present invention may also be provided in customizedsizes and/or with customized colors as specified by a user for specificclinical diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

Example 23

Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE is a clinical procedure in whichthe blood supply to a tumor is disrupted by embolization andchemotherapy is administered directly into the tumor. Selectiveembolization of tumor blood vessels without direct administration ofchemotherapy (bland embolization) is also preformed as a clinicalprocedure in certain situations.

In most living organisms with a developed circulatory system, thevasculature tends to taper from larger diameter vessels proximal to theheart to smaller vessels more distal to the heart. Larger arteries thustend to divide into smaller arteries, which eventually taper to thearteriole level and interface with small diameter venules. Venous flowprogresses from such venules through successively larger diameter veinsas flow returns to the heart.

It is common, therefore, that blood vessels of differing sizes may existwithin a tumor mass or other target tissue. In a clinical situationwhere embolization and maximal disruption of blood supply to a tumor orother target tissue is desired, serial embolization of progressivelylarger tumor vessels may provide a more complete embolization, with orwithout the delivery of chemotherapeutic or other therapeutic agents.

FIG. 12B is a conceptual representation of a selective embolization ofan exemplary artery 120 by serial administration of different sizedmicrospheres 121, 122, and 123. The direction of blood flow within theexemplary artery 120 is shown by the arrows in FIG. 12B. In thisexample, microsphere 121 is the smallest diameter of the microspheresadministered, and is injected into artery 120 first, occluding thevessel lumen at the smallest vessel diameter that will not permitpassage of microsphere 121. Continuing in this example, microsphere 122is of intermediate diameter of the microspheres administered, and isinjected into artery 120 first, occluding the vessel lumen at thesmallest vessel diameter that will not permit passage of microsphere122. Finally, in this example, microsphere 123 is the largest diameterof the microspheres administered, and is injected into artery 120 first,occluding the vessel lumen at the smallest vessel diameter that will notpermit passage of microsphere 123. The result in this example is thesequential blockage of blood flow at multiple levels throughout theblood supply of the tumor or target tissue.

In other examples of the present invention, less than three or more thanthree different sized microspheres may be administered to secure thedesired embolization of a tumor or other target tissue.

As provided in previous examples of the present invention,different-sized microspheres of the present invention may further beprovided with color-coding to allow user identification and visualconfirmation of the sized microspheres in use at any given stage of theclinical procedure.

The delivery of microspheres of different sizes or other inherentqualities may further be facilitated by the use of transport packagingand/or delivery devices which are color-coded to allow useridentification and visual confirmation of the sized microspheres in useat any given stage of the clinical procedure in exemplary applicationsaccording to the present invention. In various exemplary applications ofthe present invention, such color-coded devices may be used incombination with color-coding of the microspheres themselves, withcorresponding microsphere and packaging/delivery device color-coding.

FIG. 12C shows a syringe used for the packaging and/or delivery ofcolor-coded microspheres of a select size according to the presentinvention. In the example shown in FIG. 12C, the syringe 124 comprises abarrel 125, a plunger 126, a plunger tip 127, a Luhr-type injection tip128, and a Luhr tip cover 129.

As shown in FIG. 12C, one or more of components barrel 125, a plunger126, a plunger tip 127, a Luhr-type injection tip 128, and a Luhr tipcover 129 may be colored in a common color according to a color code toindicate a desired property of the microspheres contained therein. Inone example of the present invention, a syringe may contain color-codedmicrospheres to indicate a certain microsphere size, and the syringeplunger, plunger tip, and Luhr tip cover may be similarly colored tofurther indicate the desired property of the contained microspheres to auser.

It will be appreciated by those possessing ordinary skill in the artthat changes could be made to the embodiments described above withoutdeparting from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood,therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particularembodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications withinthe spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appendedclaims.

We claim: 1.-12. (canceled)
 13. A method of treating a targeted tissue in a mammal, comprising: a. identifying a targeted tissue in a mammal to be treated; b. placing a cannula in an anatomic structure in continuity with the targeted tissue; c. injecting a sufficient amount of polymeric particles through the cannula into the targeted tissue; and d. removing the cannula from the anatomic structure; wherein: the polymeric particles each comprise a core, a coating, one or more dyes, and optionally, an active agent; the coating comprises a polyphosphazene, and the polymeric particles are standardized to a known, substantially uniform size; and the polyphosphazene has the formula:

n is 2 to ∞, and R¹ to R⁶ are each selected independently from alkyl, aminoalkyl, haloalkyl, thioalkyl, thioaryl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, haloaryoxy, alkylthiolate, arylthiolate, alkylsulphonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, or a combination thereof, or heteroaryl comprising one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, or a combination thereof.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein R¹ to R⁶ are selected independently from OCH₃, OCH₂CH₃, OCH₂CH₂CH₃, OCF₃, OCH₂CF₃, OCH₂CF₂CF₃, OCH₂CF₂CF₃, OCH₂(CF.₃), OCCH₃(CF₃)₂, OCH₂CF₂CF₂CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₃CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₄CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₅CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₆CF₃, OCH₂(CF₂)₇CF₃, OCH₂CF₂CHF₂, OCH₂CF₂CF₂CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₃CHF₂2, OCH₂(CF₂)₄CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₅CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₆CHF₂, OCH₂(CF₂)₇CHF₂, OCH₂CH═CH₂, OCH₂CH₂CH═CH₂, or any combination thereof.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the polyphosphazene is poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)]phosphazene or a derivative of poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)]phosphazene.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more dyes impart a distinctive color to each polymeric particle according to its known size.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the anatomic structure in continuity with the targeted tissue is a blood vessel.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the injection of polymeric particles is achieved using an imaging technology, and wherein the polymeric particles each comprise an active agent comprising a contrast agent appropriate for imaging technology.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the imaging technology is selected from the group consisting of fluoroscopy, nuclear magnetic imaging, computerized tomography, or ultrasound.
 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymeric particles are provided for use in a container, a portion or a label of the container being color-coded to correspond with the color of the polymeric particles contained therein.
 21. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymeric particles are provided for use in a syringe, wherein the syringe is color-coded at least in part to correspond with the color of the polymeric particles contained therein.
 22. A method of selective embolization of a tumor in a mammal, comprising, a. identifying a tumor in a mammal to be treated; b. placing a cannula into a blood vessel with efferent blood flow leading directly into the tumor; c. confirming placement of the cannula using an imaging technology; d. injecting a sufficient amount of polymeric particles through the cannula into the tumor to produce desired devascularization therewithin; and e. confirming the desired devascularization of the tumor using an imaging technology; and f. removing the cannula from the blood vessel; wherein: the polymeric particles each comprises a core, a coating, and one or more dyes; and the coating comprises poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof, and the polymeric particles are standardized to a known, substantially uniform size.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising repeating steps b through f one or more times, wherein each serial injection of polymeric particles uses progressively larger particles of differing color-codes, to produce the desired devascularization effect within the tumor.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the particles may further comprise one or more active agents selected from contrast agents, steroids, hormones, nucleic acids, antibiotics, antiseptics, analgesics, anti-neoplastics, anesthetics, or biological agents to produce a desired effect in the tumor upon placement therein.
 25. (canceled)
 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the contrast agent is barium sulfate.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the barium sulfate is located in the core of the polymeric particle.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the core of the polymeric particle comprises a contrast agent.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the contrast agent is barium sulfate.
 30. The method of claim 22, wherein at least three different sized polymeric particles are injected through the cannula into the tumor.
 31. A method of selective embolization in a mammal, comprising, a. placing a cannula into a blood vessel having a tapering diameter; b. injecting through the cannula and into the blood vessel polymeric particles having a first size and a first color associated with the first size; c. injecting through the cannula and into the blood vessel polymeric particles having a second size and a second color associated with the second size and d. removing the cannula from the blood vessel; wherein: the polymeric particles each comprises a core, and a coating comprising poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] and/or a derivative thereof.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the first size and its associated first color are different than the second size and its associated second color.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the serial injections of polymeric particles embolize the blood vessel. 